/* ============================================================
   BASE + COMPONENTS  (references tokens.css)
   ============================================================ */

/* ---------- Reset ---------- */
*, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; }
* { margin: 0; }
html { -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; scroll-behavior: smooth; }
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){ html{ scroll-behavior: auto; } }
body {
  min-height: 100vh;
  background: var(--bg);
  color: var(--ink);
  font-family: var(--font-sans);
  font-size: var(--text-base);
  line-height: var(--leading-body);
  font-synthesis: none;
  -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
  text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;
  transition: background-color var(--dur) var(--ease), color var(--dur) var(--ease);
}
img, picture, svg, video { display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto; }
input, button, textarea, select { font: inherit; color: inherit; }
ul[role="list"] { list-style: none; padding: 0; }

/* ---------- Accessibility: honor reduced motion globally ---------- */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){
  *, *::before, *::after{
    animation-duration: 0.001ms !important;
    animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
    transition-duration: 0.001ms !important;
    scroll-behavior: auto !important;
  }
  .card:hover{ transform: none; }
}

/* CV embed */
.cv-embed{ width: 100%; height: 80vh; min-height: 520px; border: 1px solid var(--border);
  border-radius: var(--radius); background: var(--surface-2); }

/* ---------- Accessibility: skip link + focus ---------- */
.skip-link {
  position: absolute; left: var(--space-3); top: var(--space-3);
  transform: translateY(-160%);
  background: var(--surface); color: var(--ink);
  padding: var(--space-2) var(--space-4);
  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
  border: 1px solid var(--border-strong);
  z-index: 2000; transition: transform var(--dur) var(--ease);
}
.skip-link:focus { transform: translateY(0); }
:focus-visible {
  outline: 3px solid var(--focus);
  outline-offset: 2px;
  border-radius: 3px;
}
:where(a, button, [tabindex]):focus:not(:focus-visible) { outline: none; }

/* ---------- Typography ---------- */
h1, h2, h3, h4 {
  font-family: var(--font-display);
  font-weight: 560;
  line-height: var(--leading-tight);
  letter-spacing: var(--tracking-tight);
  color: var(--ink);
  text-wrap: balance;
}
h1 { font-size: var(--text-2xl); }
h2 { font-size: var(--text-xl); }
h3 { font-size: var(--text-lg); }
h4 { font-size: var(--text-md); }
p { text-wrap: pretty; }
a { color: var(--accent); text-decoration-color: color-mix(in srgb, var(--accent) 40%, transparent);
    text-underline-offset: 0.15em; transition: color var(--dur-fast) var(--ease); }
a:hover { color: var(--accent-hover); text-decoration-color: currentColor; }
strong { font-weight: 650; }
::selection { background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--accent) 24%, transparent); }
.eyebrow {
  font-family: var(--font-sans); font-weight: 600;
  font-size: var(--text-xs); letter-spacing: var(--tracking-wide);
  text-transform: uppercase; color: var(--accent);
}

/* ---------- Layout ---------- */
.container { width: min(100% - 2 * var(--space-5), var(--container)); margin-inline: auto; }
.container-wide { width: min(100% - 2 * var(--space-5), var(--container-wide)); margin-inline: auto; }
.prose { max-width: var(--container-prose); }
.section { padding-block: var(--space-9); }
.section--tight { padding-block: var(--space-7); }
.section--band { background: var(--bg-2); }
.section-head { margin-bottom: var(--space-6); }
.section-head h2 { font-size: var(--text-xl); }
.section-head p { color: var(--ink-muted); margin-top: var(--space-2); max-width: 46rem; }
.stack > * + * { margin-top: var(--space-4); }
.grid { display: grid; gap: var(--space-5); }
.cols-2 { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); }
.cols-3 { grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr); }
.cols-4 { grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr); }
@media (max-width: 900px){ .cols-3, .cols-4 { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); } }
@media (max-width: 560px){ .cols-2, .cols-3, .cols-4 { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }

/* ---------- Buttons ---------- */
.btn {
  display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: var(--space-2);
  font-family: var(--font-sans); font-weight: 600; font-size: var(--text-sm);
  padding: 0.62em 1.15em; border-radius: var(--radius-pill);
  border: 1px solid transparent; cursor: pointer;
  text-decoration: none; line-height: 1;
  transition: background-color var(--dur-fast) var(--ease), border-color var(--dur-fast) var(--ease), transform var(--dur-fast) var(--ease);
}
.btn:active { transform: translateY(1px); }
.btn-primary { background: var(--accent); color: var(--accent-contrast); }
.btn-primary:hover { background: var(--accent-hover); color: var(--accent-contrast); }
.btn-ghost { background: transparent; color: var(--ink); border-color: var(--field-border); }
.btn-ghost:hover { background: var(--surface-2); color: var(--ink); }
.btn-sm { font-size: var(--text-xs); padding: 0.45em 0.9em; }

/* ---------- Header / Nav ---------- */
.site-header {
  position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 1000;
  background: color-mix(in srgb, var(--bg) 86%, transparent);
  backdrop-filter: saturate(1.4) blur(10px);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border);
}
.site-header__inner {
  display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between;
  gap: var(--space-5); min-height: 64px;
}
.brand { display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: var(--space-3);
  font-family: var(--font-display); font-weight: 600; font-size: var(--text-md);
  color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; }
.brand__mark { width: 38px; height: 38px; flex: none; border-radius: 8px; }
.brand small { display:block; font-family: var(--font-sans); font-weight:500;
  font-size: var(--text-xs); color: var(--ink-muted); letter-spacing: .02em; }

.nav { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: var(--space-2); }
.nav__list { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: var(--space-1); list-style: none; margin:0; padding:0; }
.nav__link {
  display: inline-block; padding: 0.5em 0.75em; border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
  color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; font-size: var(--text-sm); font-weight: 550;
}
.nav__link:hover { background: var(--surface-2); color: var(--ink); }
.nav__link[aria-current="page"] { color: var(--accent); }
.nav__link[aria-current="page"]::after {
  content:""; display:block; height:2px; border-radius:2px;
  background: var(--accent); margin-top: 3px;
}

/* dropdown (accessible via <details>) */
.nav__group { position: relative; }
.nav__group > summary {
  list-style: none; cursor: pointer; padding: 0.5em 0.75em; border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
  font-size: var(--text-sm); font-weight: 550; display:inline-flex; align-items:center; gap:.35em;
}
.nav__group > summary::-webkit-details-marker { display:none; }
.nav__group > summary::after { content:"⌄"; font-size:.9em; color: var(--ink-muted); transform: translateY(-2px); }
.nav__group[open] > summary { background: var(--surface-2); }
.nav__menu {
  position: absolute; right: 0; top: calc(100% + 6px); min-width: 220px;
  background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: var(--radius);
  box-shadow: var(--shadow-2); padding: var(--space-2); list-style:none; margin:0; z-index: 20;
}
.nav__menu a { display:block; padding: 0.5em 0.65em; border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
  color: var(--ink); text-decoration:none; font-size: var(--text-sm); }
.nav__menu a:hover { background: var(--surface-2); }

/* theme toggle */
.theme-toggle {
  display: inline-grid; place-items: center; width: 40px; height: 40px;
  border-radius: var(--radius-pill); border: 1px solid var(--field-border);
  background: transparent; cursor: pointer; color: var(--ink);
}
.theme-toggle:hover { background: var(--surface-2); }
.theme-toggle .icon-sun { display: none; }
.theme-toggle .icon-moon { display: block; }
:root[data-theme="dark"] .theme-toggle .icon-sun { display: block; }
:root[data-theme="dark"] .theme-toggle .icon-moon { display: none; }

/* mobile menu button */
.nav-toggle { display: none; width:40px; height:40px; border-radius: var(--radius-pill);
  border:1px solid var(--field-border); background: transparent; cursor: pointer; }
@media (max-width: 820px){
  .nav-toggle { display: inline-grid; place-items:center; }
  .nav { position: fixed; inset: 64px 0 auto 0; flex-direction: column; align-items: stretch;
    gap: var(--space-1); background: var(--surface); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border);
    padding: var(--space-4); box-shadow: var(--shadow-2);
    transform: translateY(-8px); opacity: 0; pointer-events: none;
    visibility: hidden;   /* remove links from tab order while the menu is closed */
    transition: opacity var(--dur) var(--ease), transform var(--dur) var(--ease), visibility 0s linear var(--dur); }
  .nav[data-open="true"] { opacity: 1; transform: none; pointer-events: auto; visibility: visible;
    transition: opacity var(--dur) var(--ease), transform var(--dur) var(--ease), visibility 0s; }
  .nav__list { flex-direction: column; align-items: stretch; }
  .nav__menu { position: static; box-shadow: none; border: none; padding-left: var(--space-4); }
}

/* ---------- Cards ---------- */
.card {
  background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border);
  border-radius: var(--radius); overflow: clip;
  display: flex; flex-direction: column;
  transition: border-color var(--dur) var(--ease), box-shadow var(--dur) var(--ease), transform var(--dur) var(--ease);
}
.card:hover { box-shadow: var(--shadow-2); border-color: var(--border-strong); transform: translateY(-3px); }
.card__media { aspect-ratio: 16 / 10; background: var(--surface-2); overflow: clip; }
.card__media img { width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover; }
.card__body { padding: var(--space-5); display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: var(--space-2); flex: 1; }
.card__date { font-size: var(--text-xs); color: var(--ink-faint); letter-spacing: .04em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.card__title { font-size: var(--text-md); line-height: var(--leading-snug); }
.card__title a { color: var(--ink); text-decoration: none; }
.card__title a:hover { color: var(--accent); }
.card__meta { font-size: var(--text-sm); color: var(--ink-muted); margin-top: auto; }
.card__meta strong { color: var(--ink); }

/* ---------- Footer ---------- */
.site-footer {
  background: var(--bg-2); border-top: 1px solid var(--border);
  padding-block: var(--space-8) var(--space-6); margin-top: var(--space-9);
  color: var(--ink-muted); font-size: var(--text-sm);
}
.site-footer a { color: var(--ink-muted); }
.site-footer a:hover { color: var(--accent); }
.footer-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1.6fr 1fr 1fr 1fr; gap: var(--space-6); }
@media (max-width: 860px){ .footer-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; } .footer-brand{ grid-column: 1 / -1; } }
@media (max-width: 520px){ .footer-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }
.footer-col h3 { font-family: var(--font-sans); font-size: var(--text-xs); text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: var(--tracking-wide); color: var(--ink-muted); margin-bottom: var(--space-3); }
.footer-links { list-style:none; padding:0; margin:0; display:grid; gap: var(--space-2); }
.footer-address{ font-style: normal; line-height: 1.7; color: var(--ink-muted); }

.footer-wordmark{ font-family: var(--font-display); font-size: var(--text-md); color: var(--ink); margin-bottom: var(--space-2); }
.footer-tagline{ max-width: 34ch; margin-bottom: var(--space-5); }
.footer-tagline strong{ color: var(--accent); font-weight: 650; }
/* SOIL acronym motif — the lab's signature, expanded */
.soil-key{ display: grid; gap: var(--space-1); margin: 0; }
.soil-key > div{ display: flex; align-items: baseline; gap: .1em; }
.soil-key dt{ font-family: var(--font-display); font-weight: 700; font-size: var(--text-md);
  color: var(--accent); width: 1.1em; }
.soil-key dd{ margin: 0; font-family: var(--font-display); font-size: var(--text-md); color: var(--ink); }

.footer-bottom { margin-top: var(--space-8); padding-top: var(--space-5); border-top: 1px solid var(--border);
  display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content: space-between; gap: var(--space-5); flex-wrap: wrap;
  font-size: var(--text-xs); color: var(--ink-muted); }
/* UC Merced logo: original brand colors in light mode (never tinted);
   clean solid white in dark mode per UC Merced reversed-logo guidance. */
.footer-meta{ display: flex; align-items: center; gap: var(--space-5); flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: flex-end; }
.a11y-badge{ display: inline-flex; align-items: center; gap: .5em; font-weight: 600; color: var(--ink-muted);
  text-decoration: none; padding: .3em .7em; border: 1px solid var(--field-border); border-radius: var(--radius-pill); }
.a11y-badge svg{ width: 18px; height: 18px; color: var(--accent); }
.a11y-badge:hover{ color: var(--ink); border-color: var(--accent); }
.footer-ucm img{ height: 38px; width: auto; }
:root[data-theme="dark"] .footer-ucm img{ filter: brightness(0) invert(1); }
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark){ :root:not([data-theme="light"]) .footer-ucm img{ filter: brightness(0) invert(1); } }

/* ---------- Recent-publications grid (home) ----------
   jekyll-scholar wraps its output in a container (and may wrap each entry
   in <li>). `display: contents` flattens those wrappers so the .card
   articles become direct grid items — otherwise they stack in one column. */
.pub-recent{ display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr); gap: var(--space-5); }
/* Flatten ONLY the wrapper jekyll-scholar injects (a direct child) and its <li>
   items — never the cards' own inner divs (.card__body / .card__meta), or their
   padding would be dissolved too. */
.pub-recent > ol, .pub-recent > ul, .pub-recent > div{ display: contents; }
.pub-recent > ol > li, .pub-recent > ul > li, .pub-recent > div > li{ display: contents; }
@media (max-width: 900px){ .pub-recent{ grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); } }
@media (max-width: 560px){ .pub-recent{ grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }

/* Publication cards: graphical abstracts are 3:2 — show them whole, no crop,
   with generous spacing so the cards breathe (matches the previous design). */
.pub-card .card__media{ aspect-ratio: 3 / 2; background: #ffffff; }
.pub-card .card__media img{ object-fit: contain; }
.pub-card .card__body{ padding: var(--space-5); gap: var(--space-3); }
.pub-card .card__date{ margin-bottom: var(--space-1); }
.pub-card .card__title{
  font-size: var(--text-sm);
  font-weight: 600;
  line-height: 1.4;
  display: -webkit-box; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; line-clamp: 3;
  overflow: hidden;
  min-height: calc(3 * 1.4em);   /* reserve 3 lines so short & long titles align */
}
.pub-card .card__meta{ display: grid; gap: 2px; margin-top: auto; padding-top: var(--space-2); }
.pub-card .card__authors{ font-size: var(--text-sm); color: var(--ink-muted); }
.pub-card .card__journal{ font-size: var(--text-sm); font-weight: 650; color: var(--ink); }

/* ---------- Page hero (interior pages) ---------- */
.page-hero{ padding: var(--space-8) 0 var(--space-6); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); background: var(--bg-2); }
.page-hero h1{ font-size: var(--text-2xl); margin-top: var(--space-1); }
.page-hero__tagline{ color: var(--ink-muted); font-size: var(--text-md); margin-top: var(--space-3); max-width: 60ch; }
.breadcrumb{ font-size: var(--text-sm); color: var(--ink-faint); margin-bottom: var(--space-5); }
.breadcrumb a{ color: var(--ink-muted); }

/* ---------- Long-form content ---------- */
.page-content{ padding-block: var(--space-8); }
.content{ max-width: 46rem; }
.content h2{ font-size: var(--text-lg); margin-top: var(--space-7); margin-bottom: var(--space-3); }
.content h3{ font-size: var(--text-md); margin-top: var(--space-6); margin-bottom: var(--space-2); }
.content h4{ font-size: var(--text-base); font-family: var(--font-sans); font-weight: 700; margin-top: var(--space-5); margin-bottom: var(--space-2); }
.content p{ margin-bottom: var(--space-4); color: var(--ink); }
.content ul, .content ol{ margin: 0 0 var(--space-4) 1.3em; display: grid; gap: var(--space-2); }
.content li{ color: var(--ink); }
.content a{ font-weight: 550; text-decoration-color: currentColor; }   /* clear underline — not color alone (1.4.1) */
/* main is a focus target for the skip link but shouldn't show a ring on click */
main:focus{ outline: none; }
.callout{ background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-left: 3px solid var(--accent);
  border-radius: var(--radius); padding: var(--space-5); margin: var(--space-5) 0; }
.callout h3, .callout h4{ margin-top: 0; font-family: var(--font-sans); font-weight: 700; font-size: var(--text-base); }

/* ---------- Member cards ---------- */
.member-card{ text-align: center; }
.member-card .card__media{ aspect-ratio: 1/1; background: var(--surface-2); }
.member-card .card__media img{ object-fit: cover; }
.member-card .card__body{ align-items: center; gap: var(--space-1); }
.member-card h3{ font-size: var(--text-md); }
.member-card .member-role{ color: var(--ink-muted); font-size: var(--text-sm); }
.member-links{ display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 6px; justify-content: center; margin-top: var(--space-3); }
.member-links a{ font-size: var(--text-xs); font-weight: 600; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .04em;
  color: var(--accent); text-decoration: none; border: 1px solid color-mix(in srgb, var(--accent) 34%, var(--border));
  padding: .12em .55em; border-radius: var(--radius-pill); }
.member-links a:hover{ background: var(--accent-tint); }

/* ---------- Profile pages ---------- */
.profile-grid{ display: grid; grid-template-columns: 300px 1fr; gap: var(--space-8); align-items: start; }
@media (max-width: 820px){ .profile-grid{ grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: var(--space-6); } }
.profile-aside{ position: sticky; top: 84px; display: grid; gap: var(--space-4); }
@media (max-width: 820px){ .profile-aside{ position: static; } }
.profile-photo{ width: 100%; aspect-ratio: 1/1; object-fit: cover; border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
  border: 1px solid var(--border); background: var(--surface-2); }
.profile-social{ justify-content: flex-start; }
.quick-facts{ margin: 0; padding: var(--space-4); background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: var(--radius); }
.quick-facts dt{ font-size: var(--text-xs); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: .06em; color: var(--ink-faint); margin-top: var(--space-3); }
.quick-facts dt:first-child{ margin-top: 0; }
.quick-facts dd{ margin: 2px 0 0; color: var(--ink); font-size: var(--text-sm); font-weight: 550; }
.profile-extlinks{ display: grid; gap: var(--space-2); font-size: var(--text-sm); }
.profile-main.content{ max-width: none; }
.profile-main h2{ font-size: var(--text-md); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); padding-bottom: var(--space-2); }

/* ---------- Courses ---------- */
.course{ background: var(--surface); border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: var(--radius);
  padding: var(--space-5) var(--space-6); margin-bottom: var(--space-4); }
.course h3{ font-size: var(--text-md); }
.course__meta{ font-size: var(--text-sm); color: var(--ink-muted); margin: var(--space-1) 0 var(--space-3); }
.course__meta strong{ color: var(--ink); }

/* ---------- News list + article ---------- */
.news-list{ display: grid; gap: var(--space-5); }
.post{ max-width: 44rem; }
.post__meta{ color: var(--ink-faint); font-size: var(--text-sm); margin-bottom: var(--space-2); }
.post__body{ font-family: var(--font-serif); font-size: var(--text-md); line-height: 1.7; }
.post__body p{ margin-bottom: var(--space-4); }
.post__body img{ border-radius: var(--radius); margin: var(--space-5) 0; }
.post__body h2, .post__body h3{ font-family: var(--font-display); }

/* ---------- Gallery (uniform tiles, captions on hover) ---------- */
.gallery-grid{ display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(230px, 1fr)); gap: var(--space-4); }
.gallery-item{ position: relative; margin: 0; border-radius: var(--radius); overflow: clip;
  border: 1px solid var(--border); background: var(--surface-2); aspect-ratio: 4 / 3;
  transition: box-shadow var(--dur) var(--ease); }
.gallery-item:hover{ box-shadow: var(--shadow-2); }
.gallery-item img{ width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover; display: block;
  transition: transform var(--dur-slow) var(--ease); }
.gallery-item:hover img{ transform: scale(1.05); }
.gallery-item figcaption{ position: absolute; inset: auto 0 0 0; padding: var(--space-5) var(--space-3) var(--space-2);
  font-size: var(--text-xs); color: #fff; line-height: 1.35;
  background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(20,14,8,.82), rgba(20,14,8,0));
  opacity: 0; transition: opacity var(--dur) var(--ease); }
.gallery-item figcaption::first-letter{ text-transform: uppercase; }   /* sentence case, not word-case */
.gallery-item:hover figcaption, .gallery-item:focus-within figcaption{ opacity: 1; }

/* ---------- Utilities ---------- */
.visually-hidden {
  position:absolute!important; width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;
  clip:rect(0 0 0 0); white-space:nowrap; border:0;
}
.text-center { text-align: center; }
.flex-center { display:flex; justify-content:center; }
.mt-6 { margin-top: var(--space-6); }